Considering what N.D.'s are generally licensed to do, hospitals and emergency rooms are not the best forums for naturopathic physicians in training. A busy primary healthcare clinic is. So, why would an N.D. want to spend a lot of time in an emergency room, unless to take histories, diagnose, and confer with allopathics regarding non-emergency and non-surgical treatments? And if he or she needs to visit a patient who had to be admitted to a hospital, then N.D.'s should be allowed to review patient charts, make recommendations, and bill for services as well as an independent physician or as a surrogate for his supervising M.D. To me, that's integrative care. But still, in a hospital setting, the N.D. would only be in training to be supervised by an M.D. just as a PA or a NP would be but with more medical training and independency.